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This innovative Handbook provides a comprehensive treatment of the
complex relationship between inequality and the environment and
illustrates the myriad ways in which they intersect. Featuring over
30 contributions from leading experts in the field, it explores the
ways in which inequality impacts three of the most pressing
contemporary environmental issues: climate change, natural resource
extraction, and food insecurity. Laying the conceptual foundations
for its analysis of key inequality–environment intersections, the
Handbook covers theoretical traditions employed in the
environmental inequality literature and examines different
approaches to the concept of rights and how these influence
scholarship on environmental justice. Chapters further investigate
the multifaceted relationships between the natural environment and
common forms of social inequalities, including race, ethnicity,
gender, sexuality, social class, the economy, and the state.
Bringing together cutting-edge research on diverse
inequality–environment intersections, this comprehensive Handbook
will be relevant to both students and researchers in the social
sciences and environmental sociology, politics, and geography. Its
empirical insights will also prove valuable to public and social
policymakers with access to mechanisms that can shape environmental
protection policies.
Benford's Law is a probability distribution for the likelihood of
the leading digit in a set of numbers. This book seeks to improve
and systematize the use of Benford's Law in the social sciences to
assess the validity of self-reported data. The authors first
introduce a new measure of conformity to the Benford distribution
that is created using permutation statistical methods and employs
the concept of statistical agreement. In a switch from a typical
Benford application, this book moves away from using Benford's Law
to test whether the data conform to the Benford distribution, to
using it to draw conclusions about the validity of the data. The
concept of 'Benford validity' is developed, which indicates whether
a dataset is valid based on comparisons with the Benford
distribution and, in relation to this, diagnostic procedure that
assesses the impact of not having Benford validity on data analysis
is devised.
Benford's Law is a probability distribution for the likelihood of
the leading digit in a set of numbers. This book seeks to improve
and systematize the use of Benford's Law in the social sciences to
assess the validity of self-reported data. The authors first
introduce a new measure of conformity to the Benford distribution
that is created using permutation statistical methods and employs
the concept of statistical agreement. In a switch from a typical
Benford application, this book moves away from using Benford's Law
to test whether the data conform to the Benford distribution, to
using it to draw conclusions about the validity of the data. The
concept of 'Benford validity' is developed, which indicates whether
a dataset is valid based on comparisons with the Benford
distribution and, in relation to this, diagnostic procedure that
assesses the impact of not having Benford validity on data analysis
is devised.
During the early development and throughout the short history of
green/conservation criminology, limited attention has been directed
toward quantitative analyses of relevant environmental crime, law
and justice concerns. While recognizing the importance of
establishing a theory and terminology in the early stages of
development, this book redresses this imbalance. The work features
contributions that undertake empirical quantitative studies of
green/conservation crime and justice issues by both conservation
and green criminologists. The collection highlights the shared
concerns of these groups within important forms of ecological crime
and victimization, and illustrates the ways in which these
approaches can be undertaken quantitatively. It includes
quantitative conservation/green criminological studies that
represent the work of both well-established scholars in these
fields, along with studies by scholars whose works are less
well-known and who are also contributing to shaping this area of
research. The book presents a valuable contribution to the areas of
Green and Conservation Criminology. It will appeal to academics and
students working in these areas.
Few criminologists have drawn attention to the fact that widespread
and significant forms of harm such as green or environmental crimes
are neglected by criminology. Others have suggested that green
crimes present the most important challenge to criminology as a
discipline. This book argues that criminology needs to take green
harms more seriously and to be revolutionized so that it forms part
of the solution to the large environmental problems currently faced
across the world. It asks how criminology should be redesigned to
consider green/environmental harm as a key area of study in an era
where destruction of the earth and the world's ecosystem is a major
concern and examines why this has remained unaccomplished so far.
The chapters in this book apply an environmental frame of reference
underlying a green approach to issues which can be addressed from
within criminology and which can encourage criminologists and
environmentalists to respond and react differently to environmental
crime.
During the early development and throughout the short history of
green/conservation criminology, limited attention has been directed
toward quantitative analyses of relevant environmental crime, law
and justice concerns. While recognizing the importance of
establishing a theory and terminology in the early stages of
development, this book redresses this imbalance. The work features
contributions that undertake empirical quantitative studies of
green/conservation crime and justice issues by both conservation
and green criminologists. The collection highlights the shared
concerns of these groups within important forms of ecological crime
and victimization, and illustrates the ways in which these
approaches can be undertaken quantitatively. It includes
quantitative conservation/green criminological studies that
represent the work of both well-established scholars in these
fields, along with studies by scholars whose works are less
well-known and who are also contributing to shaping this area of
research. The book presents a valuable contribution to the areas of
Green and Conservation Criminology. It will appeal to academics and
students working in these areas.
Few criminologists have drawn attention to the fact that widespread
and significant forms of harm such as green or environmental crimes
are neglected by criminology. Others have suggested that green
crimes present the most important challenge to criminology as a
discipline. This book argues that criminology needs to take green
harms more seriously and to be revolutionized so that it forms part
of the solution to the large environmental problems currently faced
across the world. It asks how criminology should be redesigned to
consider green/environmental harm as a key area of study in an era
where destruction of the earth and the world's ecosystem is a major
concern and examines why this has remained unaccomplished so far.
The chapters in this book apply an environmental frame of reference
underlying a green approach to issues which can be addressed from
within criminology and which can encourage criminologists and
environmentalists to respond and react differently to environmental
crime.
This book offers an alternative analysis of the various theories
and dimensions of green and environmental justice which are rooted
in political economy. Much green criminological literature
sidelines political economic theoretical insights and therefore
with this work the authors enrich the field by vigorously exploring
such perspectives. It engages with a number of studies relevant to
a political economic approach to justice in order to make two key
arguments: that capitalism has produced profound ecological
injustices and that the concept of ecological justice (human and
ecological rights) itself needs critiquing. Green Criminology and
Green Theories of Justice is a timely text which urges the field to
revisit its radical roots in social justice while broadening its
disciplinary horizons to include a meaningful analysis of political
economy and its role in producing and responding to environmental
harm and injustice.
This book offers an alternative analysis of the various theories
and dimensions of green and environmental justice which are rooted
in political economy. Much green criminological literature
sidelines political economic theoretical insights and therefore
with this work the authors enrich the field by vigorously exploring
such perspectives. It engages with a number of studies relevant to
a political economic approach to justice in order to make two key
arguments: that capitalism has produced profound ecological
injustices and that the concept of ecological justice (human and
ecological rights) itself needs critiquing. Green Criminology and
Green Theories of Justice is a timely text which urges the field to
revisit its radical roots in social justice while broadening its
disciplinary horizons to include a meaningful analysis of political
economy and its role in producing and responding to environmental
harm and injustice.
This groundbreaking text provides an overview and assessment of
green criminology as well as a call to action. Green Criminology
draws attention to the ways in which the political-economic
organization of capitalism causes ecological destruction and
disorganization. Focusing on real-world issues of green crime and
justice, chapters include political-economic examinations of
ecological withdrawals, ecological additions, toxic towns, wildlife
poaching and trafficking, environmental justice, environmental
laws, and nongovernment environmental organizations. The book also
presents an unintimidating introduction to research from the
physical sciences on issues such as climate change, pollution
levels, and the ecological footprint of humans, providing a truly
interdisciplinary foundation for green criminological analysis. To
help students succeed in the course-and to encourage them to see
themselves as future green criminology researchers-end-of-chapter
materials include: *Questions and Activities for Students that
review topics students should be able to conceptualize and
address*Lessons for Researchers that provide ideas about additional
research that might be worthwhile to undertake
This acclaimed textbook insightfully frames the problem of crime in
relation to class, race, gender, culture, and history.
Recently there has been a revival of interest in the views held by
Reformed theologians within the parameters of confessional
orthodoxy. For example, the doctrine known as 'hypothetical
universalism'-the idea that although Christ died in some sense for
every person, his death was intended to bring about the salvation
only for those who were predestined for salvation. Michael Lynch
focuses on the hypothetical universalism of the English theologian
and bishop John Davenant (1572-1641), arguing that it has
consistently been misinterpreted and misrepresented as a via media
between Arminian and Reformed theology. A close examination of
Davenent's De Morte Christi, is the central core of the study.
Lynch offers a detailed exposition of Davenant's doctrine of
universal redemption in dialogue with his understanding of closely
related doctrines such as God's will, predestination, providence,
and covenant theology. He defends the thesis that Davenant's
version of hypothetical universalism represents a significant
strand of the Augustinian tradition, including the early modern
Reformed tradition. The book examines the patristic and medieval
periods as they provided the background for the Lutheran,
Remonstrant, and Reformed reactions to the so-called Lombardian
formula ('Christ died sufficiently for all, effectually for the
elect'). It traces how Davenant and his fellow British delegates at
the Synod of Dordt shaped the Canons of Dordt in such a way as to
allow for their English hypothetical universalism.
The essays selected for this volume show how radical and Marxist
criminology has established itself as an influential critique since
it emerged in the late 1960s. Unlike orthodox criminology which
emphasizes individual level explanations of criminal behavior,
radical and Marxist criminology emphasizes power inequality and
structures, especially those related to class, as key factors in
crime, law and justice. This collection of essays draws attention
to the way in which structural forces shape and influence both
individual and institutional (for example, governmental) behavior;
highlights neglected crime (corporate, governmental,
state-corporate and environmental) which causes more extensive
damage than the street crimes examined by orthodox criminology; and
discusses the ways in which law and criminal justice processes
reinforce power structures and contribute to class control.
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